Notes
Note N147
Index
Ancestral Roots p. 50, Rutpert II,Count in the Upper Rhine & Wormgau
Carolingeans table 4>Duke of Hesbaye
Stuart p. 126: Rutpert II, Dount in the Wormsgau and the Upper Rhine; Lord of
Dienheim. DD
Notes
Note N148
Index
Ancestral Roots p. 50, Rutpert I, Count in the Upper Rhine and Wormgau
Stuart p. 78, 126>Rutpert I, Duke in Haspengau, Count in the Upper Rhine and
Wormgau, Royal Missus in Italy, bd 689, md 730. p. 37 b. c700. DD
Notes
Note N149
Index
Carolingeans table I
Stuart p. 90, 216>mother of Sigebert probably one of his four named wives. King
of Austrasia 622-628; King of France, 628-638; greatest of the Merovingian
kings.
Notes
Note N255
Index
King of Franconia
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945
Notes
Note N254
Index
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945
Notes
Note N253
Index
He was educated in Rome and built Coel-Castra.
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945
Notes
Note N252
Index
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945
Notes
Note N251
Index
He was born August 1,
10 BC in Lugdunum (Lyon), Gaul. He died on October 13, 54 AD after
being poisoned by his wife, Agrippina. He was emperor of Rome from 41
to 54 AD under the name of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus
Germanicus. Claudius extended the Roman rule further into North
Africa and made Britain a province.
He married PLAUTIA URGULANILLA. She had Etruscan blood. He divorced
her. (Wurts, 1945)
He married AELIA PAETINA. (Wurts, 1945)
Claudius married VALERIA MESSALINA. She was his wife at his
accession. Their marriage ended in 48 AD when she apparently
conspired against him and conducted a public ceremony with her lover
Gaius Silius. They were both killed. (Wurts, 1945)
Children: Brittanicus, Octavia (Wurts, 1945)
Claudius married AGRIPPINA THE YOUNGER in 49 AD. As she was his
niece, and their marriage would be against Roman law, he had it
changed. He adopted her son Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (Nero). Nero
married Octavia who was the daughter of Messalina. (Wurts, 1945)
Child: Genvissa also known as Venissa (Wurts, 1945)
Claudius came to power when, after Gauis' murder on January 24, 41,
he was found in the palace by a soldier. He was 51 years old at the
time. The Praetorian Guard made him emperor on January 25. He
emphasized his friendship with the army and paid cash for his
proclamation as emperor.
He was ruthless and occasionally cruel in his dealings with the
Senate (who at most were ambigious toward him). Claudius annexed
Mauretania and landed in southern Britain in 43 AD. Agrippa's
kingdoms of Judea and Thrace were re-absorbed into the Roman empire
in 44 AD and the authority of provincial procurators was extended. He
improved the judicial system and favored a moderate extension of
Roman citizenship. He also respected tradition and revived old
religious ceremonies. He reorganized the grain supply and constructed
a harbor in Ostia. Claudius confirmed existing Jewish rights and
priviledges and tried to protect them without provoking Egyptian
nationalism.
Claudius composed 20 books of Etruscan and 8 books of Carthaginian
history, all in Greek; an autobiography; and a historical treatise on
the Roman alphabet with suggestions for orthographical reform - which
when he bacame Emperor he tried to impliment, but was not successful.
He also wrote on dice playing. However, all his works are lost.
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945
Notes
Note N250
Index
He was born in 38 BC and
was the son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. He was born
in the palace of Augustus and died 8 BC. Tiberius was a high priest
and magistrate.
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945
Notes
Note N249
Index
also known as Antonia the Younger or simply Antonia (31 January 36 BCE-September/October 37CE) was a daughter of Roman politician Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, niece of emperor Augustus, and mother of future emperor Claudius.
Antonia is one of the most prominent Roman women. She is celebrated for her virtue and beauty. She was the youngest daughter to Octavia Minor and Mark Antony and was also the favorite niece of her mother’s younger brother, Rome’s first Emperor Augustus.
Birth and early life
She was born in Athens, Greece and after 36 BCE was brought to Rome by her mother and her siblings. Antonia never had the chance to know her father, Mark Antony, who divorced her mother in 32 BCE and committed suicide in 30 BCE. She was raised by her mother, her uncle and her aunt, Livia Drusilla. Due to inheritances, she owned properties in Italy, Greece and Egypt. She was a wealthy and influential woman who often received people, who were visiting Rome. Antonia had many male friends and they included wealthy Jew Alexander the Alabarch and Lucius Vitellius, a consul and father of future Emperor Aulus Vitellius.
[edit] Marriage to Drusus
In 16 BCE, she married the Roman general and consul Nero Claudius Drusus. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son to Livia Drusilla and brother to future Emperor Tiberius. They had several children, but only three survived. Their children were the famous general Germanicus, Livilla and the Roman Emperor Claudius. Antonia was grandmother to Emperor Caligula, Empress Agrippina the Younger and great-grandmother and great-aunt to Emperor Nero. Drusus died in June 9 BCE in Germany, due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.
Antonia raised her children in Rome and had Tiberius as their guardian. Germanicus died in 19CE. On the orders of Tiberius and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June 29CE, Antonia took care of Caligula, Julia Agrippina, Julia Drusilla, Julia Livilla and later Claudia Antonia, her younger grandchildren.
[edit] Antonia's children
Germanicus was very popular among the citizens of Rome, who enthusiastically celebrated all his victories. He was also a favourite with Augustus, his grandfather-in-law, who, for some time, considered him as heir to the Empire. He was married to Agrippina the Elder, daughter of Julia the Elder (Augustus's own daughter) and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. He had nine children by Agrippina but only six lived to adulthood. They were Nero Caesar, Drusus Caesar, Gaius Caesar (Caligula), Julia Agrippina, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla. In 4CE, Augustus finally decided in favour of Tiberius, his stepson, but he was compelled to adopt Germanicus as a son and name him his heir. After the death of Augustus in 14CE, the Senate appointed Germanicus commander of the forces in Germania. Tiberius was made emperor, but he was highly unpopular and the legions rioted on the news. Refusing to accept Tiberius, the rebel soldiers cried for Germanicus as emperor. However, Germanicus refused. Germanicus died in Antioch, Syria in 19CE, a year after he defeated the kingdoms of Cappadocia and Commagene. His death was surrounded by speculation, and several sources refer to claims that he was poisoned by Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, under orders of the emperor Tiberius.
In 31CE, Antonia exposed a plot by her daughter Livilla and Tiberius’ notorious Praetorian prefect, Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves. Livilla had poisoned her husband, Drusus Julius Caesar (sometimes known by his nickname "Castor") Tiberius' son, in order to remove rivals. Sejanus was murdered/executed on Tiberius’s orders, and Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother. Cassius Dio states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room and allowed her to starve to death. After Livilla's death, Antonia's only remaining child was Claudius. Due to his constant illnesses and physical disabilities, she would constantly put him down. She would say a monster: a man whom nature had not finished but had merely begun or, when accusing anyone of stupidity, would exclaim, he is a bigger fool even than my son Claudius . She was said to have done her duty in raising Claudius, but she never loved him.
[edit] Succession of Caligula and death
When Tiberius died, Caligula became emperor in March 37CE. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that Livia Drusilla had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of Augusta, previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.
Six months into his reign, Caligula became seriously ill and never recovered, (although according to some sources, the illness was feigned). Antonia would often offer Caligula advice, but He once told her, I can treat anyone exactly as I please . Caligula was rumored to have had his young cousin Gemellus beheaded, to remove him as a rival to the throne. This act was said to have outraged Antonia, who was grandmother to Gemellus as well as to Caligula.
Having had enough of Caligula’s anger at her criticisms and of his behavior, she committed suicide. Suetonius’s Caligula, clause 23, mentions how he might have poisoned her.
When his grandmother Antonia asked for a private interview, he refused it except in the presence of the prefect Macro, and by such indignities and annoyances he caused her death; although some think that he also gave her poison. After she was dead, he paid her no honour, but viewed her burning pyre from his dining-room.
When Claudius became emperor after his nephew’s assassination in 41CE, he gave his mother the title of Augusta. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.
References
[edit] Ancient sources
Plutarch - Life of Mark Antony
Suetonius - Caligula (Gaius) & Claudius
Tacitus - Annals of Imperial Rome
Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.3.3
Magna Charta, Wurts, 1945